In 2001 (Toronto), 2006 (Seattle), 2011 (Montreal), and 2016 (Miami), a large number of epidemiology organizations combined their annual scientific conferences into a Congress of Epidemiology. The first three congresses combined organizations in North America; the fourth was expanded to include Central and South America. A separate World Congress of Epidemiology has been organized by the International Epidemiological Association (IEA).